Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the common microvascular complications of diabetes, caused by retinal microvascular damage induced by chronic hyperglycemia. It is a chronic progressive disease characterized by vision loss and can lead to severe consequences such as blindness in severe cases. Currently, intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents have become the first-line treatment for DR and diabetic macular edema (DME). Brolucizumab, a single-chain antibody fragment targeting VEGF-A, offers advantages such as a lower molecular weight, enhanced tissue permeability, and reduced immunogenicity risk. Clinical studies have shown that brolucizumab demonstrates superior or non-inferior efficacy compared to aflibercept, ranibizumab, and panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) in improving visual acuity and delaying disease progression, while also exhibiting a favorable safety profile with a lower incidence of severe adverse reactions. This review summarizes the latest advancements in the application of brolucizumab for the treatment of DR.