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中华老年病研究电子杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (03) : 23 -30. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-8757.2026.03.003

临床研究

中老年人衰弱轨迹与心血管疾病风险关联及体力活动中介效应分析
王翔宇1,2, 段彦然3,4, 蒋帅3,4, 付航3,4, 单怡凡2,4,†()   
  1. 1450051 郑州大学公共卫生学院
    2100020 北京,首都医科大学附属朝阳医院
    3450052 郑州大学第一附属医院
    4450052 郑州,河南省医院管理研究院
  • 收稿日期:2026-01-21 出版日期:2026-08-28
  • 通信作者: 单怡凡
  • 基金资助:
    河南省医学科技攻关项目(LHGJ20240241); 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(26B330006); 河南省自然科学基金青年项目(252300423847)

Frailty trajectories and cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged and older adults: the mediating role of physical activity

Xiangyu Wang1,2, Yanran Duan3,4, Shuai Jiang3,4, Hang Fu3,4, Yifan Shan2,4,†()   

  1. 1School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450051, China
    2Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
    3The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
    4Institute for Hospital Management of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052, China
  • Received:2026-01-21 Published:2026-08-28
  • Corresponding author: Yifan Shan
引用本文:

王翔宇, 段彦然, 蒋帅, 付航, 单怡凡. 中老年人衰弱轨迹与心血管疾病风险关联及体力活动中介效应分析[J/OL]. 中华老年病研究电子杂志, 2026, 13(03): 23-30.

Xiangyu Wang, Yanran Duan, Shuai Jiang, Hang Fu, Yifan Shan. Frailty trajectories and cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged and older adults: the mediating role of physical activity[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Geriatrics Research(Electronic Edition), 2026, 13(03): 23-30.

目的

探讨中老年人衰弱的动态变化及其与心血管疾病(CVD)发生风险的关联,并进一步检验体力活动在此关联中的中介作用。

方法

基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2011—2018年数据,纳入2011—2015年≥45岁、衰弱指数条目<5项、无CVD的所有研究对象。采用Rockwood衰弱指数评估衰弱状态,利用基于群体的轨迹模型识别衰弱的动态变化模式。以2018年随访时自报经医生诊断的CVD(心脏病或卒中)为主要结局,采用Cox比例风险模型评估不同衰弱轨迹与CVD发生风险的关联,并进一步通过基于逆概率加权的边缘结构模型分析体力活动在衰弱轨迹和CVD风险之间的中介效应。

结果

共纳入8 876例研究对象。2011—2018年,研究对象在强壮、衰弱前期与衰弱三种状态的转变过程中具有明显的动态性和可变性。最佳轨迹模型共识别出三种衰弱动态模式(即第一、二、三轨迹组),分别定义为低水平稳定组(6 094例)、中等水平上升组(2 299例)、高水平上升组(483例)。不同衰弱轨迹组年龄、性别、教育程度、婚姻状况、体质量指数、吸烟饮酒、社会活动以及握力、2.5 m步行时间和椅站测试的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与低水平稳定组相比,中等水平上升组(HR=2.15,95%CI:1.94~2.40,P<0.01)和高水平上升组(HR=3.43,95%CI:2.92~4.04,P<0.01)的CVD发生风险显著增加,且风险随衰弱水平及其进展程度递增。体力活动水平下降在衰弱轨迹与CVD发生风险之间发挥的中介作用占比为21%~23%。

结论

中老年人衰弱的动态变化轨迹与CVD发生风险显著相关,其中部分关联与体力活动水平下降有关。针对衰弱进展人群,维持或改善体力活动可能有助于降低心血管疾病风险。

Objective

To investigate the dynamic patterns of frailty among middle-aged and older adults and their associations with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and to further examine the mediating role of physical activity in this association.

Methods

Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2018, all participants enrolled between 2011 and 2015 who were aged≥45 years, had fewer than 5 frailty index items, and without CVD were included. Frailty status was assessed using the Rockwood frailty index and a group-based trajectory model was employed to identify dynamic patterns of frailty change. The primary outcome was self-reported physician-diagnosed CVD at the 2018 follow-up, defined as heart disease or stroke. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the associations between frailty trajectories and incident CVD. Furthermore, inverse probability weighting-based marginal structural models were used to evaluate the mediating effect of physical activity on the association between frailty trajectories and CVD risk.

Results

A total of 8,876 participants were included. From 2011 to 2018, transitions among robust, prefrail, and frail states showed substantial dynamism and reversibility. The optimal trajectory model identified three distinct frailty patterns (i.e., trajectory groups 1, 2, and 3), defined asa low-level stable group (n=6 094), a moderate-level increasing group (n=2 299), and a high-level increasing group (n=483). Significant differences were observed across the three trajectory groups in age, sex, educational level, marital status, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, social activity, grip strength, 2.5-meter walk time, and chair stand performance (P < 0.01). Compared with the low-level stable group, the risk of incident CVD was significantly higher in the moderate-level increasing group (HR=2.15, 95%CI: 1.94-2.40, P < 0.01 ) and the high-level increasing group (HR=3.43, 95%CI: 2.92-4.04, P < 0.01), with CVD risk increasing progressively with higher frailty levels and greater frailty progression. Declines in physical activity mediated approximately 21%-23% of the association between frailty trajectories and incident CVD.

Conclusion

Dynamic trajectories of frailty among middle-aged and older adults were significantly associated with the risk of incident CVD, and part of this association was related to declines in physical activity. Among individuals with progressive frailty, maintaining or improving physical activity may help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

表1 Rockwood衰弱指数涵盖的28项指标
维度 序号 条目内容 赋分值
慢性疾病 1 自报医生诊断的高血压 是=1分,否=0分
2 自报医生诊断的糖尿病 是=1分,否=0分
3 自报医生诊断的癌症 是=1分,否=0分
4 自报医生诊断的关节炎 是=1分,否=0分
5 自报医生诊断的慢性肺部疾病 是=1分,否=0分
6 自报医生诊断的任何情绪、神经或精神类疾病 是=1分,否=0分
7 自报医生诊断的记忆相关疾病 是=1分,否=0分
8 自报视力问题 是=1分,否=0分
9 自报听力问题 是=1分,否=0分
10 自评总体健康状况 不好和非常不好=1分,一般、好和非常好=0分
自理能力 11 穿衣困难 是=1分,否=0分
12 洗澡或淋浴困难 是=1分,否=0分
13 进食困难 是=1分,否=0分
14 上下床困难 是=1分,否=0分
15 使用厕所困难 是=1分,否=0分
16 管理钱财困难 是=1分,否=0分
17 服药管理困难 是=1分,否=0分
18 购买日用品(如食品杂货)困难 是=1分,否=0分
19 准备餐食困难 是=1分,否=0分
躯体功能 20 行走100 m困难 是=1分,否=0分
21 久坐后从椅子上站起困难 是=1分,否=0分
22 不休息连续爬几层楼梯困难 是=1分,否=0分
23 提起或搬运超过5 kg重物困难 是=1分,否=0分
24 从桌面拾起一枚硬币困难 是=1分,否=0分
25 弯腰、下蹲或跪下困难 是=1分,否=0分
26 将手臂抬至肩部以上困难 是=1分,否=0分
抑郁症状 27 CESD-10抑郁量表 >10分=1分,≤10分=0分
认知功能 28 (记忆测试得分+定向力测试得分)/14 0~1分
图1 2011—2018年8 876例中老年人衰弱状态(强壮、衰弱前期、衰弱)的动态转变注:各时间点纵向条带高度表示对应衰弱状态所占比例,流线宽度表示不同状态之间的转移比例
图2 2011—2018年8 876例中老年人衰弱指数评分变化轨迹注:实线表示各时间点观测到的组均值,虚线表示模型拟合的轨迹曲线,阴影区域为95%置信区间
表3 不同亚组数衰弱轨迹的拟合指标
表4 不同衰弱轨迹组中老年人基线特征比较[M(P25,P75)或例(%)]
指标 低水平稳定组(6 094例) 中水平上升组(2 299例) 高水平上升组(483例) 检验值 P值
年龄(岁) 57(51,63) 58(51,64) 57(51,64) H=37.910 <0.01
性别 χ2=397.820 <0.01
男性 3 404(55.9) 794(34.5) 132(27.3)
女性 2 690(44.1) 1 505(65.5) 351(72.7)
受教育程度 χ2=140.734 <0.01
初中及以下 5 319(87.3) 2 190(95.3) 464(96.1)
高中及职业技术教育 691(11.3) 103(4.5) 19(3.9)
大专及以上 84(1.4) 6(0.3) 0(0)
婚姻状态 χ2=26.570 <0.01
已婚 5 190(85.2) 1 872(81.4) 381(78.9)
其他 904(14.8) 427(18.6) 102(21.1)
体质量指数(kg/m2) χ2=93.202 <0.01
<18.5 313(5.1) 152(6.6) 32(6.6)
18.5~ 2 296(37.7) 764(33.2) 148(30.6)
23.0~ 1 919(31.5) 730(31.8) 131(27.1)
≥27.5 544(8.9) 331(14.4) 72(14.9)
缺失值 1 022(16.8) 322(14.0) 100(20.7)
饮酒史 χ2=110.604 <0.01
否 3 408(55.9) 1536(66.8) 341(70.6)
是 2 683(44.0) 762(33.1) 141(29.2)
缺失值 3(0.1) 1(0) 1(0.2)
吸烟史 χ2=156.560 <0.01
否 3 399(55.8) 1 579(68.7) 357(73.9)
是 2 695(44.2) 720(31.3) 126(26.1)
体力活动(2015年) χ2=17.403 <0.01
低强度 239(3.9) 107(4.7) 17(3.5)
中等强度 218(3.6) 116(5.1) 17(3.5)
高强度 5 413(88.8) 2 006(87.3) 439(90.9)
缺失值 224(3.7) 70(3) 10(2.1)
社会活动 χ2=87.962 <0.01
否 2 940(48.2) 1 294(56.3) 314(65.0)
是 2 805(46.0) 918(39.9) 145(30.0)
缺失值 349(5.8) 87(3.8) 24(5.0)
握力(kg) 33(27,41) 29(23,36) 28(21,34) H=461.857 <0.01
2.5 m步行时间(s) 4(3,5) 4(3,6) 4(3,6) H=118.891 <0.01
椅站测试(s) 10(8,12) 11(9,13) 11(9,14) H=346.392 <0.01
表5 中老年人基线衰弱状态、衰弱轨迹与CVD发生风险的关联
图3 体力活动在衰弱轨迹与心血管疾病发生风险关联中的中介效应注:结果基于稳定化逆概率加权的边缘结构模型估计:以低水平稳定组为参照,展示中等水平上升组与高水平上升组相对于参照组的总效应、直接效应及通过2015年体力活动传递的间接效应,效应值以HR及95%CI表示
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